قوانين الفصل الثامن

$\begin{array}{r}{}_Z^A\mathbf{X},\mathbf{A}=\mathbf{Z}+\mathbf{N},\mathbf{q}=\mathbf{Ze},\mathbf{R}={\mathbf{r}}_o\sqrt[3]{\mathbf{A}}\\ \\ V=\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3\text{ or }V=\frac{4}{3}\pi r_o^{3}A\\ \\ E_b=\mathrm{\Delta }{m}^2\text{ or }{E}_b=\left(Z_H+N{m}_n-M\right)c^2,\mathrm{\Delta }m={\mathbf{ZM}}_H+{\mathbf{Nm}}_n-M\\ \\ {\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{\prime }}=\frac{{\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{b}}}{\mathbf{A}}\\ \\ \mathbf{E}=\mathbf{hf}\text{ or }\mathbf{E}=\frac{\mathbf{hc}}{\lambda },\mathbf{c}=\mathbf{f}\mathit{\lambda }\\ \\ Q_{\alpha }=\left(M_p-M_d-M_{\alpha }\right)c^2,Q=\left(M_a+M_x-M_y-M_b\right)c^2\\ \\ 1\mathrm{u}=1.66\times {10}^{-27}\mathrm{kg},1\mathrm{MeV}=1.6\times {10}^{-13}\mathrm{J},1\mathrm{F}={10}^{-15}\mathrm{m}\\ \end{array}$